1-year guidance
Introduction
Your toddler is now 1 year old. Some of the advice from the 9-month page still applies, but a lot changes at this age. I will provide all the relevant advice here so you do not need to read through the 9-month page as well, and I will emphasize what is different now that your child is older. If you have questions about how any of this should apply to your child, please check with your child's healthcare team.
Helpful websites
Sleep
At 1 year most toddlers will sleep 11-14 hours per day, which includes 1-2 naps. Your child no longer needs to follow the general safe sleep guidelines, though this is still a good idea if they have significant motor delays. However, there are some safety concerns to keep in mind, and many toddlers have various sleeping problems that you will want to address to help everyone sleep better. This often begins with establishing a consistent bedtime routine. You can look through general guidance below, and read through the "Helpful articles" for more detailed information.
Helpful articles
Sleep safety
The following picture shows several potential safety concerns of a toddler sleeping in a crib. Click on the explanation below to understand each of these concerns.
Bedtime routine
Toddlers respond well to routines. Having similar nap times each day and a consistent bedtime routine is key to helping your toddler sleep well throughout the night. The point of the routine is to show your toddler it is time to sleep and help them calm down so they can sleep well. Click on the button below for tips about a bedtime routine.
- keep the lights low with no screens on an hour before bed
- tell your toddler that it is time to get ready for bed - do not ask them if they want to get ready for bed
- have a consistent start and end time, usually totaling 30-45 minutes
- give a warm bath and change into pajamas
- if needed, offer a snack with some protein (foods with protein include meat, eggs, cheese, peanut butter) so your toddler is not too hungry overnight
- brush your child's teeth and do not offer any milk after brushing - they can have some water if needed
- perform a calming activity (such as reading a book, gentle stretches, a massage, or whatever else your toddler enjoys that is not activating)
- use a consistent phrase and method to say goodnight
For some of these steps you can offer your toddler choices. By letting them choose which snack to eat, which book to read, or which activity to do, they will feel more in control. This can help them go to sleep more easily.
Sleep problems
There are many different reasons toddlers may have trouble sleeping well. You can click on any of the cards below to learn about specific issues:
Wakes often
Gets up early
Stays up late
Fear of dark
Nightmares
Night terrors
Snoring
Sleep walking
Bed-sharing
Noise/climate
Nutrition
At 1 year of age nutrition recommendations change quite a bit. Your child generally no longer needs baby food and should move towards more traditional eating habits. Growth slows down at this age so do not be alarmed if your child seems to eat less than they should. Food and drink recommendations change, and you may need to pay more attention to how you feed your child to deal with picky eating or other mealtime struggles. All of this is discussed in more detail below, and you can discuss any concerns with your child's healthcare team.
Helpful websites and articles
Feeding advice
When feeding your child it is just as important to consider how you provide the food in addition to what you actually provide. Toddlers respond well to structure and routines, so you will want to have a good mealtime structure to use when feeding your child. Click on the button below for meal and snack structure advice.
- Offer 3 meals and 2-3 snacks per day while keeping meal and snack times consistent.
- Your toddler should sit upright in a safe place (such as a high chair) while eating.
- Sit with your child while eating and talk to them.
- Remove any distractions during meal time, in particular any screens.
- Meal time can be only 10-15 minutes, though it can go longer if your toddler prefers.
- Avoid snacks in between set eating times so your child is hungry when it is time to eat. If your toddler says they are hungry shortly after they ate, try to distract them as they may just want attention. If they still seem hungry then offer a small snack.
It is also very important to continue the "responsive feeding" principles from the first year of life. While you are now setting the meal and snack times, you should still allow your child to determine how much they want to eat each time food is available. Click on the button below for further advice.
- Toddlers have good and bad days of eating. Some days they will eat a lot, some days they will not eat much at all. This is completely normal, and you do not need to worry that your child is not eating enough on the bad eating days.
- Practice the Satter Division of Resonsibility in Feeding. You are responsible for what foods to offer your child, where to offer them, and when to offer them. Your child is responsible for whether they want to eat them and how much they want to eat.
- Expanding on the above advice, do not try to force your child to eat specific foods and do not make them eat all the served food. This removes stress from meal time and makes a more pleasant experience for your child; generally it is best to not fight over meals.
- If you are concerned that your child is eating too much or too little, your child's healthcare team will let you know at the check-ups if there are any growth concerns, and then you can decide to change things based on how your child is growing.
Liquids
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding for up to 2 years or beyond if desired. If you continue breastfeeding, you may still need to give your child vitamin D supplements, and you can ask your child's healthcare team about this. Otherwise, click on the cards below to learn about milk, water, juice, and how to provide these drinks to your toddler.
Milk?
Water?
Juice?
How to give?
Foods
Click on the cards below to learn about what foods to provide, what foods to avoid, how to prepare the foods for your toddler to eat, and how much you should give.
What to give
What to avoid
Food prep
Portion sizes
Sample menus for toddlers
A sample menu for a 1-year old is shown here, a 2-year old is shown here, and 1-2 year olds is shown here. Children age 3 years old can follow a menu similar to the 2-year old menu with slightly larger portion sizes. Remember, these are just examples. As long as you stick to the generally healthy eating principles described above you can adjust these menus in many different ways.
Peeing/pooping
At 1 year your toddler is too young to start potty training. The poop may change some as your toddler's diet changes, but they should be going regularly and the poop should be soft. You only need to be concerned if:
- the poop is hard or watery consistently
- the poop is dark black, a shade of red, or pale
- your child has less than 6 wet diapers in 24 hours
If any of the above concerns occur, let your child's healthcare team know.
Safety
Now that your child is 1 year old, you really need to make sure the home is safe, as your child can likely reach anything on the floor, pull things down from higher up, and may start trying to climb on objects in the near future. They will also put anything they can into their mouth. I will go through several of the primary safety concerns for toddlers in the cards below, and you can read through the "Helpful Websites" for more general information.
Helpful websites
*This website is based in Australia so any discussion of laws or what is required may not apply to the United States.
Below are several different safety topics, click on each topic to learn more about them.
General
Car safety
Ingestions
Choking/CPR
Sleep
Toys
Falls
Water/Bath
Burns/Fire
Equipment
Outdoors
Home/Pets
Vaccines
At 12 months several shots are typically recommended, in addition to shots already provided through 9 months of age. Your child may also receive a flu vaccine (if it is the flu season) and a COVID-19 vaccine. Your child may need additional doses of the flu and COVID-19 vaccines for full protection, so you can ask your pediatrician about scheduling for this before the 15-month check-up. You can read about the other recommended shots at the 12-month visit below.
- Hib - this protects against a bacteria that can infect the brain (as well as other places in the body)
- PCV20 - this protects against bacteria that can cause pneumonia, ear infections, and other infections
- MMR - this protects against:
- Measles (a virus that can cause a bad infection leading to seizures, hospitalization, and potentially brain damage and death)
- Mumps (a virus that can lead to deafness and swelling of the glands in the cheeks, testicles, and ovaries)
- Rubella (a virus that can cause arthritis and lead to serious birth defects if a pregnant person is infected with it)
- Varicella - this protects against a virus that causes chickenpox, an itchy rash that can lead to infections all over the body and make you more likely to develop shingles (a painful rash) later in life.
- Hepatitis A - this protects against a virus that can infect the liver, which can make people sick for weeks and less commonly can cause liver failure and death
Flu and COVID-19 shots are separate and would be in addition to the 5 shots described above. These have been given to millions of people and we know that they are safe and effective. If you would like more information, look through the "Helpful Websites" listed below:
Helpful websites
Common questions
Many parents have similar questions about their 1 year old children. Feel free to look through some of the most common ones below.
FAQ
Conclusion
Enjoy your time with your toddler! There are many choices you can make to help influence your child's growth and development. Thankfully, you do not need to be perfect, and you should not worry about doing everything correctly every time. As long as you understand the main ideas presented here, you should be in a good position to help your child grow and develop well. If you have any additional questions make sure to check with your child's healthcare team.